Floods are second only to fire as the most common of all natural disasters. They occur almost everywhere in the world, resulting in widespread damage and even death. Consequently, scientists have long tried to perfect their ability to predict floods. So far, the best that scientists can do is to recognize the potential for flooding in certain conditions. There are a number of conditions, from deep snow on the ground to human error, that cause flooding.
When deep snow melts it creates a large amount of water. Although deep snow alone rarely causes floods, when it occurs together with heavy rain and sudden warmer weather it can lead to serious flooding. If there is a fast snow melt on top of frozen or very wet ground, flooding is more likely to occur than when the ground is not frozen. Frozen ground or ground that is very wet and already saturated with water cannot absorb the additional water created by the melting snow. Melting snow also contributes to high water levels in rivers and streams. Whenever rivers are already at their full capacity of water, heavy rains will result in the rivers overflowing and flooding the surrounding land.
Rivers that are covered in ice can also lead to flooding. When ice begins to melt, the surface of the ice cracks and breaks into large pieces. These pieces of ice move and float down the river. They can form a dam in the river, causing the water behind the dam to rise and flood the land upstream. If the dam breaks suddenly, then the large amount of water held behind the dam can flood the areas downstream too.
Broken ice dams are not the only dam problems that can cause flooding. When a large human-made dam breaks or fails to hold the water collected behind it, the results can be devastating. Dams contain such huge amounts of water behind them that when sudden breaks occur, the destructive force of the water is like a great tidal wave. Unleashed dam waters can travel tens of kilometres, cover the ground in metres of mud and debris, and drown and crush every thing and creature in their path.
1. What is the text about?
A. Causes of floods
B. Effects of floods
C. Natural disasters
D. Natural floods
E. Mother nature
2. What is the most common natural disaster according to the text?
A. rain
B. flood
C. landslide
D. fire
E. earthquake
3. Which sentence is the writer’s thesis statement?
A. There are a number of conditions, from deep snow on the ground to human error, that cause flooding (last sentence of paragraph 1)
B. Floods are second only to fire as the most common of all natural disasters. (first sentence of paragraph 1)
C. Heavy rains will result in the rivers overflowing and flooding the surrounding land. (last sentence of paragraph 2)
D. Rivers that are covered in ice can also lead to flooding. (first sentence of paragraph 3)
E. Broken ice dams are not the only dam problems that can cause flooding. (first sentence of paragraph 4)
4. Which of the following are included as causes for floods in the reading passage?
A. droughts
B. large lakes
C. poorly built roads
D. melting snow
E. forest fires
5. What is a broken human-made dam compared to?
A. a tsunami
B. a tidal wave
C. overflowing
D. a broken ice dam
E. mud and debris
6. How far can dam water travel when it is unleashed from a broken dam?
A. less than 10 kilometres
B. thousands of kilometres
C. tens of kilometers
D. a hundred kilometres
E. ten kilometers
7. Why does saturated ground contribute to flooding problems?
A. the ground cannot absorb more moisture
B. the ground is too hard, so the water runs off
C. the ground forms a kind of dam
D. it remains frozen
E. the snow remains frozen
8. How does melting snow cause problems related to flooding?
A. it makes the ice melt quickly
B. it makes the water too cold
C. it makes the rivers run too fast
D. it makes the level of the river rise
E. it makes the ground too cold
9. Find one word in the text which is similar in meaning to the word cause.
A. occur
B. result in
C. make
D. absorb
E. saturate
10. The text is categorized as an explanation writing because … .
A. it explains how things work
B. it explains what things are like
C. it explains a process of doing things
D. it explains why things happen
E. it explains how things are made